;;; Upper CYC(R) Ontology flat-file ;;; Copyright Cycorp 1997. All rights reserved. ;;;Cycorp License Agreement ;;;Cycorp is providing this material from the Cyc(tm) Upper ;;;Ontology at no charge, for everyone to use, including ;;;commercial service use and incorporation into products. ;;;However, it is not 'Public Domain.' Please acknowledge ;;;Cycorp, 3721 Executive Center Dr., Austin, TX 78731 in ;;;any use or citation of this material, and request that each ;;;further user include a full copy of this notice as well, ;;;in any use or citation they make of the material. All ;;;these terms equally apply to renamings and other ;;;logically equivalent reformulations of the material in ;;;any natural or formal language. Cycorp intends to ;;;amend and expand the material from time to time; the ;;;latest version is available at http://www.cyc.com ;;; #$ContactLocation (#$isa #$ContactLocation #$ContactLocationType) (#$genls #$ContactLocation #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$ContactLocation "A collection of spatial objects. Each element of #$ContactLocation is a point at which some particular agent (e.g., corporation or person) may be contacted by any of several means, for any of several purposes. #$ContactLocation includes any place to which one may direct one or more of the following: letters, packages, phone calls or voice messages, bills, email, faxes, pages, subpoenas. Contact locations must be particular--e.g., my house or my office or even my secretary, but not simply `Austin'.") ;;; #$ContactLocationType (#$isa #$ContactLocationType #$Collection) (#$genls #$ContactLocationType #$ExistingObjectType) (#$comment #$ContactLocationType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$ContactLocationType is a collection of places at which a particular agent may be contacted; such collections may be characterized in several different ways: (a) by method of contact (e.g., #$VoicePhoneLocation, #$FaxLocation); (b) by purpose of contact (e.g., #$BillingLocation, #$ShippingLocation, #$EmergencyContact); (c) by the agent's relationship to those places (e.g., #$HumanResidence, #$Workplace). Note that particular places may fall under different subsets of #$ContactLocationType for different agents; for example, one person's home might be another's vacation location.") ;;; #$ContainerProduct (#$isa #$ContainerProduct #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ContainerProduct #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$ContainerProduct #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$ContainerProduct "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$ContainerProduct is an object whose #$primaryFunction (or one of whose main functions) is to be a container. Examples are of staggering variety, including storage containers for books, office records, food, clothing, tools, and materials; containers for transporting the same; passenger compartments of various kinds of vehicles; artificial constructs for housing humans and animals; etc., etc. Instances of #$Crib, #$Sandbox, #$OfficeSpace, and #$Coffin.") ;;; #$Contempt (#$isa #$Contempt #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Contempt #$Dislike) (#$genls #$Contempt #$Disapproval) (#$comment #$Contempt "Emotion characterized by vehement condemnation of its object as being low, vile, feeble, or ignominious. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Contempt are #$Hate, #$Abhorrence, etc. ") ;;; #$Continent (#$isa #$Continent #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Continent #$LandBody) (#$genls #$Continent #$LandTopographicalFeature) (#$comment #$Continent "A collection of topographical features. The elements of #$Continent are the seven main land masses on the surface of the earth (plus Eurasia added as a super-region of Europe and Asia). Elements: #$ContinentOfAfrica, #$ContinentOfAntarctica, #$ContinentOfAsia, #$Australia, #$ContinentOfEurope, #$ContinentOfEurasia, #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica, #$ContinentOfSouthAmerica.") ;;; #$ContinentOfAfrica (#$isa #$ContinentOfAfrica #$Entity) (#$isa #$ContinentOfAfrica #$Continent) (#$comment #$ContinentOfAfrica "The second largest continent, located north and south of the #$Equator in the #$EasternHemisphere-Region. Africa is connected to Asia by the narrow #$Isthmus of Suez; it includes #$Madagascar and other offshore islands.") ;;; #$ContinentOfAsia (#$isa #$ContinentOfAsia #$Entity) (#$isa #$ContinentOfAsia #$Continent) (#$comment #$ContinentOfAsia "The world's largest continent, joined in the west with Europe (which may be considered a peninsula of Asia) to form the Eurasian land mass (#$ContinentOfEurasia). The #$ContinentOfAsia occupies much of the northern half of the #$EasternHemisphere-Region.") ;;; #$ContinentOfEurope (#$isa #$ContinentOfEurope #$Entity) (#$isa #$ContinentOfEurope #$Continent) (#$comment #$ContinentOfEurope "The sixth largest continent; includes adjacent islands. The #$ContinentOfEurope is separated from the #$ContinentOfAsia by the #$UralMountains.") ;;; #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica (#$isa #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica #$Continent) (#$isa #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica #$Entity) (#$comment #$ContinentOfNorthAmerica "The continent in the northern and #$WesternHemisphere-Region. North America includes #$CentralAmerica-Region as well as the #$WestIndies-Archipelago as #$geographicalSubRegions.") ;;; #$ContinentOfSouthAmerica (#$isa #$ContinentOfSouthAmerica #$Continent) (#$isa #$ContinentOfSouthAmerica #$Entity) (#$comment #$ContinentOfSouthAmerica "The continent in the western and southern hemisphere.") ;;; #$ContractNegotiation (#$isa #$ContractNegotiation #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$ContractNegotiation #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$ContractNegotiation #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$ContractNegotiation #$Negotiating) (#$comment #$ContractNegotiation "The collection of negotiations intended to lead to the formation of a contract between the participants (or the parties they represent in the negotiations).") ;;; #$ControlDevice (#$isa #$ControlDevice #$ProductType) (#$isa #$ControlDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ControlDevice #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$ControlDevice "A collection of physical devices. An instance of #$ControlDevice is a device whose #$primaryFunction is to control the behavior/functioning/properties of another thing (usually another instance of #$PhysicalDevice). Obvious instances of #$ControlDevice include: the remote control for your TV (an instance of #$RemoteControlDevice), the brake pedal on your car (an instance of #$Pedal-ControlDevice), the light switch on your bedroom wall (an instance of #$ElectricalSwitch); a less obvious instance of #$ControlDevice is #$HooverDam (an instance of #$Dam).") ;;; #$ControlledLand (#$isa #$ControlledLand #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ControlledLand #$CountrySubsidiary) (#$genls #$ControlledLand #$GeopoliticalEntity) (#$comment #$ControlledLand "A collection of geopolitical entities. Each element of #$ControlledLand is a geopolitical entity that is controlled to some extent by a foreign power. Examples: #$PuertoRico, #$Bermuda, #$Guadeloupe-TheDependency, #$Tibet.") ;;; #$ControllingSomething (#$isa #$ControllingSomething #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$ControllingSomething #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$ControllingSomething #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent) (#$genls #$ControllingSomething #$PurposefulAction) (#$comment #$ControllingSomething "A collection of events; a subset of #$PurposefulAction. An instance of #$ControllingSomething is a purposeful action in which some #$Agent intentionally controls some object. It is not necessary that the agent touch the #$objectControlled, only that s/he have an efficacious means of controlling its action -- thus, instances of #$ControllingSomething include all instances of #$GuidingAMovingObject (some of which involve a #$RemoteControlDevice). Further subsets: #$HandlingAnObject, #$Braking, #$SteeringADeviceByHand, #$PlayingAMusicalInstrument, #$CuttingFabric, #$CarryingWhileLocomoting, #$FlushingAToilet, etc. Whenever a #$ControlDevice (qv) is being used, for its primary function, presumably a #$ControllingSomething event is taking place. Borderline examples include having a conversation by telephone, doing the dishes by hand, and having a cat as a pet.") ;;; #$ConventionalClassificationSystem (#$isa #$ConventionalClassificationSystem #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$ConventionalClassificationSystem #$AbstractInformation) (#$comment #$ConventionalClassificationSystem "The collection of all agreed-upon or conventional classification systems, each consisting of #$ConventionalClassificationTypes. In such systems, a change or reclassification is possible by a decision of an authority, or by a changed social agreement, without changing the intrinsic facts about the actual objects in the category. (This applies only to named or known classification systems or schemas, and not to everything under the sun as might be urged by some 1990's-era postmodernist deconstructionist literary criticism theorists.)") ;;; #$ConventionalClassificationType (#$isa #$ConventionalClassificationType #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$ConventionalClassificationType #$AbstractInformation) (#$comment #$ConventionalClassificationType "The collection of all those collections (of #$Things) that each correspond to a category in some agreed-upon or conventional classification system (a #$ConventionalClassificationSystem). In such systems, a change or reclassification is possible by a decision of an authority, or by a changed social agreement, without changing the intrinsic facts about the actual objects in the category. (This applies only to named, known classification systems or schemas, and not to everything under the sun as might be urged by some 1990's-era postmodernist deconstructionist literary criticism theorists.)") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$ConventionalClassificationType #$SENSUS-Information1997 "SOCIAL-OBJECT") ;;; #$Convex (#$isa #$Convex #$CurvatureOfSurface) (#$comment #$Convex "A surface attribute meaning that the surface's overall shape is dominated by an outward bulge or mound, or consists of projecting corners between planes. In most contexts, it may have relatively small subregions which are concave or flat, etc., so long as overall shape is convex. Viewing something as convex assumes a perspective. From the opposite perspective, on the `other side', a #$Convex surface would look #$Concave.") ;;; #$ConvexHullFn (#$isa #$ConvexHullFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$ConvexHullFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$ConvexHullFn #$Surface-Abstract) (#$arg1Isa #$ConvexHullFn #$SpatialThing) (#$comment #$ConvexHullFn "(ConvexHullFn OBJECT) is a function applied to a #$SpatialThing (which may be a single object or a #$Group of several unconnected objects) and returns the surface that is the convex hull of the object or objects. The convex hull encloses, precisely, all of OBJECT and all space that lies on a straight line between any two points that are parts of OBJECT. The convex hull is a surface; see also #$ConvexHullSpaceFn.") ;;; #$ConvexHullSpaceFn (#$isa #$ConvexHullSpaceFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$ConvexHullSpaceFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$ConvexHullSpaceFn #$SpatialThing) (#$arg1Isa #$ConvexHullSpaceFn #$SpatialThing) (#$comment #$ConvexHullSpaceFn "(ConvexHullSpaceFn OBJECT) is a function applied to a #$SpatialThing (which may be a single object or a #$Group of several unconnected objects) and returns the spatial region that is enclosed by the convex hull of the object or objects. The convex hull encloses, precisely, all space that lies on a straight line between any two points that are parts of OBJECT. The enclosed space is three or two dimensional and is not necessarily the hull surface itself; see also #$ConvexHullFn.") ;;; #$ConvexTangibleObject (#$isa #$ConvexTangibleObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ConvexTangibleObject #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$ConvexTangibleObject "The collection of all #$TangibleThings that are #$Convex, i.e. have no significant #$Concave surfaces, cavities or #$Crevices. A #$ConvexTangibleObject occupies about the same space as its convex hull; see #$ConvexHullFn and #$ConvexHullSpaceFn. A solid physical sphere or cube are #$ConvexTangibleObjects but a cup or doughnut cannot be. The size of allowable minor concavities depends on the context.") ;;; #$Conveyance (#$isa #$Conveyance #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Conveyance #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$Conveyance #$Artifact) (#$comment #$Conveyance "A collection of concrete physical objects. Each instance of #$Conveyance is intended for moving (at least partially tangible) things --- it could be a car, ship, plane, or other vehicle for transporting people; it could be a conveyor belt, a grocery bag, etc. See also #$TransportationDevice which is used to axiomatize more specific kinds of conveying events in which the object doing the conveying actually moves along with the object being transported. See #$TransportationEvent for the collection of events about this more specific kind of conveying event. Some positive exemplars: a gun, a car, a slingshot. A borderline non-exemplar is a wire over which electricity, signals, etc. are moving.") ;;; #$Cooked (#$isa #$Cooked #$PreparationAttribute) (#$comment #$Cooked "The attribute #$Cooked is a #$PreparationAttribute (q.v.), describing how a given item of #$Food has been prepared. Food becomes #$Cooked as the result of an event of #$CookingFood. Specialized forms of #$Cooked include #$Steamed, #$Baked, #$Microwaved and #$Grilled.") ;;; #$CookingFood (#$isa #$CookingFood #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$CookingFood #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$CookingFood #$HeatingProcess) (#$genls #$CookingFood #$PreparingFoodOrDrink) (#$comment #$CookingFood "A collection of events. Each element of #$CookingFood is an event in which some item of #$Food is prepared by heating it. Typically, the foodstuff is heated until it reaches a certain temperature over some period of time, during which chemical and/or physical changes occur which are supposed to make the foodstuff healthier or tastier (or, in some cases, ethically acceptable). A #$CookingFood event may last from a few minutes (e.g., #$SteamingFood (vegetables), #$MakingToast) to several hours (e.g., #$RoastingFood). Note: #$SmokingFood is not a subset of #$CookingFood. Food prepared by smoking (e.g., smoked ham, bacon) is `cured' by a chemical reaction with nitrates in the smoke, rather than being cooked by heat. Cf. #$SmokingFood, #$SaltingFood.") ;;; #$CoolingProcess (#$isa #$CoolingProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$CoolingProcess #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$CoolingProcess #$TemperatureChangingProcess) (#$comment #$CoolingProcess "#$CoolingProcess is a collection of events, and a subset of #$TemperatureChangingProcess. During each #$CoolingProcess event, the temperature of the #$objectOfStateChange is decreased by removing heat from the object.") ;;; #$Corner-2d (#$isa #$Corner-2d #$RegionType) (#$genls #$Corner-2d #$Corner-2or3d) (#$comment #$Corner-2d "The collection of all regions wherein two linear edges of a two dimensional or sheet-shaped object (i.e., considered in this context to be sheet shaped) meet to form an angle of substantially less than 180 degrees. Polygons have at least three corners each.") ;;; #$Corner-2or3d (#$isa #$Corner-2or3d #$RegionType) (#$genls #$Corner-2or3d #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$Corner-2or3d "The collection of all regions centered around a point where two edges of a sheet-like object meet at an angle or where three or more surfaces (together with three or more solid edges dividing them) meet at one place forming a solid angle. Includes 2-dimensional corners and 3 dimensional corners. Corners are either #$Convex or #$Concave with respect to some perspective.") ;;; #$Corner-3d (#$isa #$Corner-3d #$RegionType) (#$genls #$Corner-3d #$Corner-2or3d) (#$comment #$Corner-3d "The collection of all regions where three or more surfaces of an object (which is considered three dimensional in current context), and three or more #$EdgeOnObjects, meet. This includes corners of boxes, the tops of pyramids, etc. Each #$Corner-3d includes some solid angle of part of the object.") ;;; #$CorporateOfficer (#$isa #$CorporateOfficer #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$CorporateOfficer #$Leader) (#$genls #$CorporateOfficer #$Administrator) (#$comment #$CorporateOfficer "A collection of people. An instance of #$CorporateOfficer is a person who is recognized as an officer of a corporation, as officially recorded in the corporate records of that corporation. Common types of #$CorporateOfficer include #$CompanyPresident, #$CompanyVicePresident, Secretary and Treasurer of a corporation.") ;;; #$CorrosionResistance (#$isa #$CorrosionResistance #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$CorrosionResistance #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$CorrosionResistance #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$CorrosionResistance "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$CorrosionResistance represents a specific level of resistance to corrosion of some tangible object. Degrees of #$CorrosionResistance may be represented using #$GenericValueFunctions. Indicate a particular object's #$CorrosionResistance with the predicate #$resistanceToCorrosion.") ;;; #$CostBreakdownSlot (#$isa #$CostBreakdownSlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$CostBreakdownSlot #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genls #$CostBreakdownSlot #$Predicate) (#$comment #$CostBreakdownSlot "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$CostBreakdownSlot is a binary predicate used to describe some pecuniary aspect of an instance of #$Buying. The first argument to every #$CostBreakdownSlot is an element of #$Buying and the second argument is always an instance of #$Money. Examples: #$moneyTransferred, #$discount, #$salesTax, #$salesCommission.") ;;; #$CotemporalObjectsSlot (#$isa #$CotemporalObjectsSlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$CotemporalObjectsSlot #$CotemporalPredicate) (#$genls #$CotemporalObjectsSlot #$InterExistingObjectSlot) (#$comment #$CotemporalObjectsSlot "This is a subset of #$BinaryPredicate (hence the anachronistic `Slot' in its name). It is also a subset of #$CotemporalPredicate. Frankly, it is really just the intersection of #$CotemporalPredicate and #$BinaryPredicate, so it is strictly speaking superfluous, but has proven itself to be useful. Suppose predicate P is an instance of #$CotemporalObjectsSlot. If (P X Y) holds, then it must be the case that (#$cotemporal X Y). For example, consider the binary predicate #$owns, which is an instance of #$CotemporalObjectsSlot. To represent `Nick owned Spot in 1992' we could create the appropriate cotemporal subabstractions of each, and assert (#$owns NickIn1992 SpotIn1992), and this would satisfy the constraint introduced when we declared #$owns to be a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot. More tersely, we could use #$holdsIn (qv) and just assert (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick Spot)), since #$holdsIn implicitly treats instances of #$SomethingExisting as their appropriate subabstractions. Alternatively, we could create a context (a microtheory) one of whose assumptions was a temporal one, limiting all axioms to holding during 1992, and then in that context we could simply assert (#$owns Nick Spot). But it would be incorrect to assert (#$owns Nick Spot) in the #$BaseKB, since Nick as a baby and Nick as an old man didn't/won't own Spot.") ;;; #$CotemporalPredicate (#$isa #$CotemporalPredicate #$RelationType) (#$genls #$CotemporalPredicate #$Predicate) (#$comment #$CotemporalPredicate "A collection of Cyc predicates. Each element of #$CotemporalPredicate is a Cyc predicate whose temporal arguments (i.e., arguments having a temporal extent) must be #$cotemporal, i.e., they have the same temporal starting points and ending points. Moreover, all the temporal arguments of all the cotemporal predicates involved in a single axiom must be #$cotemporal. Since this is a very common and important relationship, we'll consider a detailed example. If I say `Fred owns a Camaro', what I really mean is that some #$subAbstrac (i.e., a time-slice) of Fred, over some time interval INT (e.g., 1993-1995), owns some #$subAbstrac of that Camaro, which exists over that very same time interval INT. Fred may have owned many cars before and since, and that Camaro may have had many owners before and since, but one time-slice of Fred owned one time-slice of that car. Common sense tells us that the time interval (INT) must have been the same in both cases; Cyc can infer this commonsensical conclusion from our having told it that #$owns is a cotemporal relation, i.e., (#$isa #$owns #$CotemporalPredicate). A ternary example is `between', as in `Lucy is between Fred and Ethel'. Not all predicates are elements of #$CotemporalPredicate, of course; consider `remembers' -- I (today) remember my father as he was forty years ago. There are some borderline cases here; #$sees clearly belongs to #$CotemporalPredicate, but in the case of someone smelling another object (cf. #$smells) it is less clearcut, since one can smell an object that has ceased to exist.") ;;; #$Coulomb (#$isa #$Coulomb #$StandardUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Coulomb #$MKSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$Coulomb #$UnitOfCharge) (#$isa #$Coulomb #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$Coulomb #$ElectricalCharge) (#$resultIsa #$Coulomb #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Coulomb #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Coulomb "This is the basic unit of measure for charge in the metric system and in CYC.") ;;; #$CounterfactualContext (#$isa #$CounterfactualContext #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$CounterfactualContext #$MicrotheoryType) (#$genls #$CounterfactualContext #$Microtheory) (#$comment #$CounterfactualContext "The collection of microtheories that are each assumed to include at least one counterfactual assertion: an assertion which is believed to be untrue in the real world. It may be, however, that there is no explicit counterfactual assertion in a given #$CounterfactualContext. In particular, it is not required that there be any explicit contradiction of assertions in the #$genlMts of the #$CounterfactualContext. But intuitively speaking, most adults would be reticent about trusting too strongly in a propositon whose only justification was in a #$CounterfactualContext. All works of fiction relate events that transpire in counterfactual contexts. Examples: #$WorldMythologyMt, #$PaddingtonBearStoriesMt, #$ChristmasMythologyMt.") ;;; #$Country (#$isa #$Country #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Country #$GeopoliticalEntity) (#$comment #$Country "A collection of geopolitical entities. An element of #$Country is a nation-state having its own territory, population, and government, whether or not it is fully independent. For example, #$Scotland is an element of #$Country, even though it is a part of the #$UnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIreland. Cf. #$IndependentCountry.") ;;; #$CountrySubsidiary (#$isa #$CountrySubsidiary #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CountrySubsidiary #$GeopoliticalEntity) (#$comment #$CountrySubsidiary "A collection of geopolitical entities. Each element of #$CountrySubsidiary is a political region that is a direct subsidiary of some country. This collection includes states, provinces, territories, and some special districts such as Washington, D.C. This class is somewhat artificial but is useful when representing addresses.") ;;; #$County (#$isa #$County #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType) (#$genls #$County #$GeopoliticalEntity) (#$comment #$County "A collection of geopolitical entities. An element of #$County is a lesser geopolitical region, having an area typically larger than a #$City but smaller than a #$State-Geopolitical. Traditionally, a #$County area was within one day's horseback ride from the County Seat.") ;;; #$CountyGovernment (#$isa #$CountyGovernment #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CountyGovernment #$RegionalGovernment) (#$comment #$CountyGovernment "The collection of all #$County governments.") ;;; #$CourseDuringAMeal (#$isa #$CourseDuringAMeal #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$CourseDuringAMeal #$HandlingAnObject) (#$comment #$CourseDuringAMeal "A collection of events. Each element of #$CourseDuringAMeal is an event in which one or more diners at a meal consume a single course. Examples include the elements of #$AppetizerCourse, #$MainCourse, #$DessertCourse.") ;;; #$Court-Judicial (#$isa #$Court-Judicial #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Court-Judicial #$Organization) (#$comment #$Court-Judicial "A collection of organizations which are judicial agents. An element of #$Court-Judicial is an established judicial court, i.e., an enduring governmental #$Organization whose #$primaryFunction is to settle disputes by means of legal reasoning by one or more #$Judges. Typically, a court's orders are enforced by some other agency belonging to the government of which that court is a part. The collection #$Court-Judicial includes federal, state, county, and municipal courts, appellate and chancery courts, tax courts, courts of claims, courts-martial (if non-temporary), admiralty courts, courts of chivalry, American Indian tribal courts, and the Permanent Court of International Justice. It excludes Gypsy/Rom Kris courts, nonjudicial administrative county courts, stannaries, and temporary #$Tribunals.") ;;; #$CourtesyTitle (#$isa #$CourtesyTitle #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$genls #$CourtesyTitle #$Title) (#$comment #$CourtesyTitle "The collection of #$Titles, such as Mr., Ms., Mrs., Miss, Dr., etc., which precede names in Anglo-American addressing custom.") ;;; #$Cracking (#$isa #$Cracking #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$Cracking #$SeparationEvent) (#$genls #$Cracking #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$Cracking #$PhysicalEvent) (#$comment #$Cracking "A collection of change events. In each #$Cracking, something becomes cracked. I.e., two or more areas of the thing are separated from one another (though perhaps not divided wholly into parts). In order to undergo a #$Cracking, the #$objectOfStateChange must be in a #$SolidStateOfMatter.") ;;; #$CreationEvent (#$isa #$CreationEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$CreationEvent #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$CreationEvent #$Action) (#$genls #$CreationEvent #$CreationOrDestructionEvent) (#$comment #$CreationEvent "A collection of events. In each element of #$CreationEvent, at least one instance of #$Entity (the #$outputsCreated) is brought into existence.") ;;; #$CreationOrDestructionEvent (#$isa #$CreationOrDestructionEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$CreationOrDestructionEvent #$PhysicalEvent) (#$comment #$CreationOrDestructionEvent "A collection of events. During each element of #$CreationOrDestructionEvent, one or more instances of #$Entity come into or go out of existence. Elements of this collection are the sorts of events that have #$inputs, #$outputs, #$products, #$wasteProducts, and #$byProducts. Examples of #$CreationOrDestructionEvent would include a particular campfire (a #$CombustionProcess), manufacturing a particular car, etc.") ;;; #$Credential (#$isa #$Credential #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Credential #$PropositionalInformationThing) (#$genls #$Credential #$AbstractInformation) (#$genls #$Credential #$MentalObject) (#$genls #$Credential #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$Credential "A collection of intangible objects which consist of propositional information about an agent. #$Credential is a subset of #$PropositionalInformationThing (q.v.). Each element of #$Credential is specific information about one agent, provided by another agent; the information content of a credential consists of favorable, enabling, or empowering propositional declarations. As represented in Cyc, credentials are intangible information, but each element of #$Credential usually has some associated physical document (e.g., a diploma associated with a college degree, a driver's license). A credential may certify that the holder (i.e., the subject of the credential) has a particular skill (e.g., legal bar certification, ability to drive); has completed certain training (e.g., GED schooling, Ph.D. requirements; is allowed to do a certain thing (e.g., travel visa, permission slip); and so on. Recommendations are considered a kind of credential.") ;;; #$CreditCard (#$isa #$CreditCard #$MoneyTenderType) (#$genls #$CreditCard #$TenderObject) (#$genls #$CreditCard #$Card) (#$genls #$CreditCard #$IDDocument) (#$genls #$CreditCard #$OfficialDocument) (#$genls #$CreditCard #$FinancialAccountTenderObject) (#$comment #$CreditCard "A collection of plastic cards. Each element of #$CreditCard is a piece of plastic that enables authorized users to spend the card-issuing company's money, drawn as a (usually unsecured) loan through an associated instance of #$CreditCardAccount under a pre-arranged credit agreement. The credit card company credits the vendor of the purchased goods or services and bills the card user, usually with interest.") ;;; #$Crevice (#$isa #$Crevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Crevice #$Cavity) (#$comment #$Crevice "The collection of all long, slender cavities or cracks or furrows in otherwise solid objects.") ;;; #$CrimeDetection (#$isa #$CrimeDetection #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$CrimeDetection #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$CrimeDetection #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$CrimeDetection #$HumanActivity) (#$comment #$CrimeDetection "This is the actual act of detecting a crime.") ;;; #$CubicCentimeter (#$isa #$CubicCentimeter #$UnitOfVolume) (#$isa #$CubicCentimeter #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$CubicCentimeter #$CGSUnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$CubicCentimeter #$Volume) (#$resultIsa #$CubicCentimeter #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$CubicCentimeter #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$CubicCentimeter "The measurement function used in Cyc to represent the Metric cc, a unit of measure for volume. See also #$CGSUnitOfMeasure, #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$Currency (#$isa #$Currency #$MoneyTenderType) (#$genls #$Currency #$PortableObject) (#$genls #$Currency #$InformationBearingObject) (#$genls #$Currency #$TenderObject) (#$genls #$Currency #$VisualInformationSource) (#$comment #$Currency "A collection of physical objects. An instance of #$Currency is a physical object generally accepted as legal tender (i.e., not checks or credit cards) and used as a means of transferring a quantity of #$Money between some elements of #$Agent. Elements of #$Currency may be coins, items of precious metal, paper bills for which precious objects are payable by a government to the bearer on demand, or unbacked paper bills required by a government to be accepted for payment of debts. Elements of #$Currency are typically backed by and issued by national governments. Note: This collection includes all instances of legal tender, worldwide and historically. But, for better or worse, the notion of legal tender is context-dependent. Normally what counts as currency is relative to the country one is in; legal tender in the United States is not the same as legal tender in China. (Though US dollars may have excellent value on the black market.) What counts as legal tender depends on historical events as well, since a government may change, withdraw, or cancel some types of currency it previously authorized. Also, conquest of one country by another usually brings about the collapse of the loser's currency. A Confederate ten dollar bill, e.g., is not an element of #$Currency in the context of twentieth century Alabama, even though it belongs to #$Currency in a different context.") ;;; #$CurvatureOfSurface (#$isa #$CurvatureOfSurface #$AttributeType) (#$genls #$CurvatureOfSurface #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$CurvatureOfSurface "The collection of all surface curvature attributes. These may apply to a particular piece of a surface of an object, or to the whole surface. For real-world (non-mathematical) surfaces, there is ordinarily some tolerance for minor surface deviations that depends on the context. Thus a 'flat' surface may have relatively small bumps and crevices.") ;;; #$CuttingDevice (#$isa #$CuttingDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$CuttingDevice #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$CuttingDevice "A collection of devices. An instance of #$CuttingDevice is a device whose #$primaryFunction is to (enable its user to) cut another object. Subsets of #$CuttingDevice include the collections #$Razors, #$Scissors, #$LawnMowers,and more.") ;;; #$Cyc (#$isa #$Cyc #$TheTerm) (#$isa #$Cyc #$Cyclist) (#$comment #$Cyc "A computer program -- in fact, THIS computer program! -- which is also a Cyclist, hence entitled to inspect, modify, add, and delete units.") ;;; #$CycELVariable (#$isa #$CycELVariable #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$CycELVariable #$Collection) (#$genls #$CycELVariable #$CycSystemVariable) (#$genls #$CycELVariable #$CycSystemSymbol) (#$comment #$CycELVariable "The collection of variables that appear in elements of #$CycExpression. Strings used for elements of #$CycELVariable must begin with the character `?'; e.g., ?X, ?AGENT, ?PROP.") ;;; #$CycExpression (#$isa #$CycExpression #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$isa #$CycExpression #$Collection) (#$genls #$CycExpression #$AbstractInformation) (#$genls #$CycExpression #$ComputationalObject) (#$genls #$CycExpression #$Individual) (#$comment #$CycExpression "The collection of all syntactically legal CycL expressions. Note that CycL is NOT just first-order: this collection includes sets and propositions, as well as individuals and predicates.") ;;; #$CycFormula (#$isa #$CycFormula #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$isa #$CycFormula #$Collection) (#$genls #$CycFormula #$Proposition) (#$genls #$CycFormula #$LinguisticObject) (#$genls #$CycFormula #$CycExpression) (#$comment #$CycFormula "The collection of all well-formed CycL formulas. Every Cyc formula is a Cyc expression and a proposition; #$CycFormula is a subset of both #$CycExpression and #$Proposition. Example: (#$and (#$isa #$Pittman #$HumanCyclist) (#$residesInRegion #$Pittman #$CityOfAustinTX)). For a thorough discussion of what constitutes a well-formed CycL formula, see the Cyc documentation.") ;;; #$CycIndexedTerm (#$isa #$CycIndexedTerm #$Collection) (#$genls #$CycIndexedTerm #$Thing) (#$comment #$CycIndexedTerm "Elements of #$CycIndexedTerm are objects that are indexed in the Cyc kb (e.g., kb constants, kb assertions).") ;;; #$CycSystemAtom (#$isa #$CycSystemAtom #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$CycSystemAtom #$CycSystemListOrAtom) (#$comment #$CycSystemAtom "A collection of the atomic data belonging to the CycL substrate of the Cyc System. Elements of #$CycSystemAtom cannot be decomposed (e.g., a symbol).") ;;; #$CycSystemAtomWithValue (#$isa #$CycSystemAtomWithValue #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$CycSystemAtomWithValue #$CycSystemAtom) (#$comment #$CycSystemAtomWithValue "A sub-collection of the atomic data belonging to the CycL substrate of the Cyc System. Each element of #$CycSystemAtomWithValue is an atomic datum that has a value (e.g., 2) associated with it.") ;;; #$CycSystemList (#$isa #$CycSystemList #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$CycSystemList #$Collection) (#$genls #$CycSystemList #$List-Sequence) (#$genls #$CycSystemList #$CycSystemListOrAtom) (#$genls #$CycSystemList #$Individual) (#$comment #$CycSystemList "A collection of tuples (see #$Tuple). Each element of #$CycSystemList is an ordered list of items enclosed in parentheses. Cyc system lists are those things that pass the #$defnIff LISTP, i.e., those things considered by the Cyc System to be lists.") ;;; #$CycSystemListOrAtom (#$isa #$CycSystemListOrAtom #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$CycSystemListOrAtom #$CycSystemObject) (#$comment #$CycSystemListOrAtom "A collection including both the lists and the atomic data belonging to the CycL substrate of the Cyc System.") ;;; #$CycSystemObject (#$isa #$CycSystemObject #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$CycSystemObject #$ComputationalObject) (#$comment #$CycSystemObject "The collection of computational (i.e., abstract, intangible, syntactically structured) objects which make up Cyc's CycL-based system.") ;;; #$CycSystemRealNumber (#$isa #$CycSystemRealNumber #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$CycSystemRealNumber #$Collection) (#$genls #$CycSystemRealNumber #$CycSystemAtomWithValue) (#$genls #$CycSystemRealNumber #$RealNumber) (#$comment #$CycSystemRealNumber "#$CycSystemRealNumber is the set of all numbers which satisfy the #$defnSufficient NUMBERP (i.e., the set of numbers which are considered reals or integers by CycL). Thus, 3.14, 0, and -0.004 are legitimate elements of #$CycSystemRealNumber. But (#$Meter 6), (#$Unity 3.3), :34, #$PlusInfinity, and Avogadro's number are NOT legitimate elements of #$CycSystemRealNumber.") ;;; #$CycSystemString (#$isa #$CycSystemString #$Collection) (#$genls #$CycSystemString #$CycSystemAtom) (#$genls #$CycSystemString #$Individual) (#$comment #$CycSystemString "Each #$CycSystemString is a sequence of characters enclosed within double quotes") ;;; #$CycSystemSymbol (#$isa #$CycSystemSymbol #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$CycSystemSymbol #$Collection) (#$genls #$CycSystemSymbol #$CycSystemAtom) (#$genls #$CycSystemSymbol #$Individual) (#$comment #$CycSystemSymbol "A collection of symbolic atomic terms, namely, all those things that satisfy the definition of a symbol in the Cyc system. Every element of #$CycSystemSymbol satisfies the Heuristic Level (SubL) #$defnIff SYMBOLP. Such terms cannot include numbers or strings (i.e., they must be symbolic), nor can they include lists, non-reified function terms, or axioms (i.e., they must be atomic).") ;;; #$CycSystemVariable (#$isa #$CycSystemVariable #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$CycSystemVariable #$CycSystemSymbol) (#$comment #$CycSystemVariable "The collection of atomic data, each element of which denotes a variable within CycL and therefore can have a value associated with it during inferencing. #$CycSystemVariable excludes Cyc System symbols which designate constants or strings.") ;;; #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType (#$isa #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType #$Collection) (#$genls #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection) (#$comment #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType "(#$isa ?X #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType) means that ?X is a collection of interval types whose instances recur in a set pattern throughout all of calendar history. ?X must partition all of time: the elements of ?X must be mutually disjoint, and unioned altogether they must encompass all time. For example, ?X could be the set of the seven calendar days (Monday through Sunday), or the set of the twelve calendar months (January through December). I.e., (#$isa #$DayOfWeekType #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType) and (#$isa #$MonthOfYearType #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType). `Recurring in a set pattern' generally means that one can put the elements of ?X in order, say X1, X2,..., Xn, and there will be an instance of X1 immediately followed by an instance of X2 (that instance x2a of X2 will be #$contiguousAfter that instance x1a of X1), and there will be an instance of X3 immediately following that particular instance of X2, and there will be an instance of X4 immediately following that instance of X3, etc. One final note: when we arrange elements of ?X into such a pattern X1,...Xn (whose repetitions then `tile' all time), n may be larger than the cardinality of ?X. E.g., ?X might be the set with just the 2 elements WeekendDay (the union of the set #$Saturday and the set #$Sunday) and WeekDay, and then the arrangement that tiles all time is 5 contiguous WeekDays followed by 2 contiguous WeekendDays.") ;;; #$Cyclist (#$isa #$Cyclist #$Collection) (#$genls #$Cyclist #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$Cyclist "The set of actors (mostly people) entitled to inspect and modify the Cyc knowledge base") ;;; #$CyclistsMt (#$isa #$CyclistsMt #$Microtheory) (#$genlMt #$CyclistsMt #$BaseKB) (#$comment #$CyclistsMt "A #$Microtheory for stating basic hierarchical (#$isa and #$genls) information pertaining to users of #$Cyc.") ;;; #$CylinderFn (#$isa #$CylinderFn #$ShapeFunction) (#$resultIsa #$CylinderFn #$ThreeDimensionalShape) (#$resultIsa #$CylinderFn #$AbstractShape) (#$arg1Isa #$CylinderFn #$Distance) (#$arg2Isa #$CylinderFn #$Distance) (#$comment #$CylinderFn "The Cyc function #$CylinderFn is a #$ShapeFunction (q.v.). (#$CylinderFn L D) that returns an abstract cylinder of length L and diameter D. For example, a particular beer mug #$canContainShapes (#$CylinderFn (#$Inch 10) (#$Inch 5)).") ;;; #$DailyPersonalCleaning (#$isa #$DailyPersonalCleaning #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$DailyPersonalCleaning #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$DailyPersonalCleaning #$Cleaning) (#$comment #$DailyPersonalCleaning "A collection of events. Each #$DailyPersonalCleaning encompasses the standard cleaning and grooming activities that an animal engages in over the course of a day. Such a `daily routine' is almost sure to include many brief grooming and cleaning actions, such as licking one's paws, combing one's hair, washing one's hands, shaving, bathing, etc., and those are sub-events of that #$DailyPersonalCleaning event. For example, a human's #$DailyPersonalCleaning might have a #$TeethCleaning as one of its sub-events, along with a #$TakingABath, two instances of #$CombingHair, etc. Note: Those specialized kinds of events, like #$CombingHair, are NOT subsets of #$DailyPersonalCleaning, since it would be abnormal for someone to JUST comb their hair each day (and do absolutely no other daily cleaning activity whatsoever). Note: In the context #$HumanActivitiesMt --- where all the performers of actions are, by default, human beings --- #$DailyPersonalCleaning designates human grooming activities only. In that microtheory, dog-grooming performed by human beings does not constitute #$DailyPersonalCleaning, even if it happens on a daily basis for some pampered poodle, as it is not PERSONAL (i.e, self-) cleaning.") ;;; #$Database-AbstractContent (#$isa #$Database-AbstractContent #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Database-AbstractContent #$IndexedInfoSource) (#$comment #$Database-AbstractContent "The collection of all databases, as abstract repositories of information rather than as physical storage devices. A database generally has some means of accessing the data from structured records, frames or relational structures, using some query language. A particular #$Database-AbstractContent may exist in multiple copies, and may be distributed over several different physical data storage sites: see also #$Database-Physical.") ;;; #$Database-Physical (#$isa #$Database-Physical #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Database-Physical #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject) (#$genls #$Database-Physical #$InformationBearingObject) (#$genls #$Database-Physical #$StructuredInformationSource) (#$comment #$Database-Physical "A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs); a subset of #$StructuredInformationSource. Each element of #$Database-Physical is an IBO that stores many pieces of information, organized for easy scanning and access. Typically, a data base involves one or more formatted data record schemes, together with some device for searching and retrieving data. Note that, as an IBO, a #$Database-Physical is some particular, tangible copy of a database. To refer to the abstract 'content' of a database, use #$Database-AbstractContent.") ;;; #$Date (#$isa #$Date #$Collection) (#$isa #$Date #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Date #$TemporalThing) (#$genls #$Date #$TimeInterval) (#$comment #$Date "#$Date is a subset of #$TimeInterval. A #$Date is any #$TimeInterval which can be defined purely by its location on the calendar. Thus a #$Date could be a particular calendar day, a particular calendar quarter, a particular calendar month, a particular decade, etc. So the subsets of #$Date include #$CalendarMinute, #$CalendarQuarter, etc., as well as #$CalendarDay.") ;;; #$DateAfterFn (#$not (#$isa #$DateAfterFn #$ModalRelationship)) (#$isa #$DateAfterFn #$EvaluatableFunction) (#$isa #$DateAfterFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$DateAfterFn #$Date) (#$arg1Isa #$DateAfterFn #$Date) (#$arg2Isa #$DateAfterFn #$Time-Quantity) (#$comment #$DateAfterFn "Like #$PlusFn, but for #$Dates. (#$DateAfterFn ?DATE ?DUR) returns a #$Date which is ?DUR amount of time after ?DATE. For example, (#$DateAfterFn (#$YearFn 1950) (#$YearsDuration 10)) returns (#$YearFn 1960). See also #$DateBeforeFn, #$TimeElapsedFn.") ;;; #$DateBeforeFn (#$not (#$isa #$DateBeforeFn #$ModalRelationship)) (#$isa #$DateBeforeFn #$EvaluatableFunction) (#$isa #$DateBeforeFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$DateBeforeFn #$Date) (#$arg1Isa #$DateBeforeFn #$Date) (#$arg2Isa #$DateBeforeFn #$Time-Quantity) (#$comment #$DateBeforeFn "Like #$DifferenceFn, but for #$Dates. (#$DateBeforeFn ?DATE ?DUR) returns a #$Date which is ?DUR amount of time before ?DATE. For example, (#$DateBeforeFn (#$YearFn 1999) (#$YearsDuration 1)) returns (#$YearFn 1998). See also #$DateAfterFn, #$TimeElapsedFn.") ;;; #$Dawn (#$isa #$Dawn #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Dawn #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$Dawn #$Twilight) (#$genls #$Dawn #$QualitativeTimeOfDay) (#$comment #$Dawn "Each instance of #$Dawn is a dimly-lit period before a #$Sunrise.") ;;; #$DayFn (#$isa #$DayFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$isa #$DayFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$DayFn #$CalendarDay) (#$arg1Isa #$DayFn #$PositiveInteger) (#$arg2Isa #$DayFn #$CalendarMonth) (#$comment #$DayFn "(#$DayFn ?D ?MNTH) denotes a #$CalendarDay -- in particular, the day number ?D of month ?MNTH. For example, (#$DayFn 14 (#$MonthFn #$February (#$YearFn 1966))) denotes Feb. 14th, 1966") ;;; #$DaysDuration (#$isa #$DaysDuration #$UnitOfTime) (#$isa #$DaysDuration #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$DaysDuration #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$DaysDuration #$ScalarInterval) (#$resultIsa #$DaysDuration #$Time-Quantity) (#$argsIsa #$DaysDuration #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$DaysDuration "This is a function that takes one or two numbers and returns, as its value, some amount of #$Time. An expression of the form (#$DaysDuration ?min ?max) denotes a quantity of #$Time that is at least ?min Days and at most ?max Days. (#$DaysDuration ?num) denotes a quantity of #$Time that is exactly ?num days.") ;;; #$DaytimeWorkingHours (#$isa #$DaytimeWorkingHours #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$DaytimeWorkingHours #$TimeOfDay) (#$comment #$DaytimeWorkingHours "#$DaytimeWorkingHours is a set of time intervals. The length of each of those intervals, and their #$startingPoint and #$endingPoint, are defined by the bulk of a working population performing their daily jobs. The schedule varies by context -- i.e. which group of workers are being considered -- and the boundaries are fuzzy. This fuzziness makes the concept more useful in many ways, though, not less useful.") ;;; #$DeadAnimal (#$isa #$DeadAnimal #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$DeadAnimal #$OrganicStuff) (#$comment #$DeadAnimal "A subset of #$OrganicStuff (and not, of course, of #$Animal, whose elements must be alive). Each element of #$DeadAnimal is a corpse or partial remains of an individual animal, somewhat intact, and prior to any butchering, burning, cooking, dissolving, or fully decomposing.") ;;; #$DeadLanguage (#$isa #$DeadLanguage #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$DeadLanguage #$NaturalLanguage) (#$comment #$DeadLanguage "A subset of #$NaturalLanguage. Each element of #$DeadLanguage is a natural language that is no longer spoken as a native language.") ;;; #$December (#$isa #$December #$MonthOfYearType) (#$genls #$December #$CalendarMonth) ;;; #$DecidingWhichInstrumentPredicateToUse (#$isa #$DecidingWhichInstrumentPredicateToUse #$SharedNote) (#$comment #$DecidingWhichInstrumentPredicateToUse "Which instrument predicate you use depends on what level of generality you wish your statement to apply at. One help is to look at the argument types of each instrument predicate and decide. Do you want it to apply to every #$PartiallyTangible which is an instrument? Then use #$instrument-Generic since #$PartiallyTangible is its #$arg1Isa. Are you writing a rule which really only applies to #$PhysicalDevices Then use #$deviceUsed. But be careful! When you use a more specific predicate such as #$deviceUsed it may have special extra conditions in its definition aside from the #$PhysicalDevice #$arg1Isa constraint. Also if your first stab at the rule involves #$deviceUsed in the antecedent, see if it applies more generally to #$instrument-Generic.") ;;; #$DeciduousPlant (#$isa #$DeciduousPlant #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$DeciduousPlant #$Plant-Woody) (#$comment #$DeciduousPlant "A collection of plants. Each element of #$DeciduousPlant is a plant which sheds all of its leaves once a year, seasonally, and subsequently grows new ones.") ;;; #$DecompositionEvent (#$isa #$DecompositionEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$DecompositionEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$DecompositionEvent #$DestructionEvent) (#$genls #$DecompositionEvent #$DecompositionProcess) (#$comment #$DecompositionEvent "The collection of events in which one or more objects decompose more or less completely. See also the more general concept #$DecompositionProcess, in whose instances objects at least partially decompose.") ;;; #$DecompositionProcess (#$isa #$DecompositionProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$DecompositionProcess #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$DecompositionProcess #$TransformationProcess) (#$comment #$DecompositionProcess "A collection of events in which some object decomposes. I.e., in a #$DecompositionProcess event, some object's matter undergoes chemical reactions (sometimes mediated by microorganisms) that eventually result in the object losing its shape and material characteristics. This may sometimes superficially resemble #$Melting, but it is a different process.") ;;; #$Decrypting (#$isa #$Decrypting #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Decrypting #$IBTRecoding) (#$comment #$Decrypting "The collection of actions in which an encrypted IBO (#$InformationBearingObject) is transformed so that it can be accessed.") ;;; #$DefaultDisjointFoodType (#$isa #$DefaultDisjointFoodType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$DefaultDisjointFoodType #$ProductType) (#$comment #$DefaultDisjointFoodType "A collection of collections. Each instance of #$DefaultDisjointFoodType is a collection of beverages or foodstuffs (a subset of #$Food or #$FoodIngredientOnly). More to the point, this collection-of-collections is a #$SiblingDisjointCollection (qv). So every two instances of #$DefaultDisjointFoodType are either disjoint, or are in a known subset/superset relationship, or have some known (reified) common specialization. Virtually every commonly-named type of food will be an element of this set-of-sets. E.g., the collections #$HotDog, #$ChickenSoup, #$Cocoa-ThePowder, #$Prune, #$ToasterTart, #$MilkPowder, and so on. One could easily define a collection of foodstuff and beverages, such as The-Food-That-Was-Eaten-In-Dallas-Yesterday, that would not be a member of this set-of-sets, but most such collections are not worth naming and keeping around. See the concept #$SiblingDisjointCollection for more information about this sort of arrangement.") ;;; #$DefaultDisjointScriptType (#$isa #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$ScriptType) (#$comment #$DefaultDisjointScriptType "This is a #$SiblingDisjointCollection (qv). So the elements of #$DefaultDisjointScriptType are kinds of actions (subsets of #$Event) that can be assumed to be mutually disjoint from each other (unless one is known to be a subset of the other, or there is a known common subset.)") ;;; #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate (#$isa #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate #$Collection) (#$genls #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate #$Predicate) (#$comment #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate is a predicate whose use as the predicate of a locally asserted ground formula causes that formula to be entered, by default, as :MONOTONIC. Examples: #$isa, #$genls, #$disjointWith, #$equals, #$arity, #$arg1Isa.") ;;; #$DegenerationEvent (#$isa #$DegenerationEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$DegenerationEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$DegenerationEvent #$IncurringDamage) (#$comment #$DegenerationEvent "A collection of events. In each #$DegenerationEvent, some object loses its function(s) through a process of deterioration and/or a series of discrete breakdowns.") ;;; #$Degree-UnitOfAngularMeasure (#$isa #$Degree-UnitOfAngularMeasure #$UnitOfAngularDistance) (#$isa #$Degree-UnitOfAngularMeasure #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$Degree-UnitOfAngularMeasure #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$resultIsa #$Degree-UnitOfAngularMeasure #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Degree-UnitOfAngularMeasure #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Degree-UnitOfAngularMeasure "The basic unit to measure the size of angles, in the Imperial system of measurement. 360 degrees = 1 complete circle") ;;; #$DegreeCelsius (#$isa #$DegreeCelsius #$UnitOfTemperature) (#$isa #$DegreeCelsius #$MKSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$DegreeCelsius #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$DegreeCelsius #$Temperature) (#$resultIsa #$DegreeCelsius #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$DegreeCelsius #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$DegreeCelsius "The standard unit of temperature in much of the world and also in CYC.") ;;; #$DegreeFahrenheit (#$isa #$DegreeFahrenheit #$UnitOfTemperature) (#$isa #$DegreeFahrenheit #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$DegreeFahrenheit #$Temperature) (#$resultIsa #$DegreeFahrenheit #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$DegreeFahrenheit #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$DegreeFahrenheit "The unit of measure on the Fahrenheit scale; mainly used in the USA") ;;; #$DegreeKelvin (#$isa #$DegreeKelvin #$UnitOfTemperature) (#$isa #$DegreeKelvin #$StandardUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$DegreeKelvin #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$DegreeKelvin #$Temperature) (#$resultIsa #$DegreeKelvin #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$DegreeKelvin #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$DegreeKelvin "The unit of measure on the Kelvin or Absolute temperature scale; mainly used in science; note that the size of this unit is equal to the size of a DegreeCentrigrade.") ;;; #$Density (#$isa #$Density #$DerivedNumericAttributeType) (#$genls #$Density #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$Density #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$Density "A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$Density is a measurable physical property of a tangible object, namely, its mass per volume. Densities may be represented relative to certain substances, e.g., #$SaltWaterDensity, #$FreshWaterDensity, #$DenseAsOil. Densities of objects are reported using the predicate #$densityOfObject.") ;;; #$Dentist (#$isa #$Dentist #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$Dentist #$MedicalCareProfessional) (#$comment #$Dentist "The collection of doctors that are trained with diagnosing and treating diseases of the gums and teeth.") ;;; #$DerivedNumericAttributeType (#$isa #$DerivedNumericAttributeType #$Collection) (#$genls #$DerivedNumericAttributeType #$MeasurableAttributeType) (#$comment #$DerivedNumericAttributeType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$DerivedNumericAttributeType is a collection of measurable attributes that are measured in complex units, including #$Volume, #$Area, #$Acceleration, etc. The types of attributes in #$DerivedNumericAttributeType are `derived' from other, fundamental attributes (such as #$Distance and #$Mass) which are measured in simple units. Cf. #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType.") ;;; #$DesertClimateCycle (#$isa #$DesertClimateCycle #$ClimateCycleType) (#$genls #$DesertClimateCycle #$AnnualClimateCycle) (#$genls #$DesertClimateCycle #$TemperateClimateCycle) (#$comment #$DesertClimateCycle "The attribute of having a desert climate. Wide termperature extremes from very hot in day to cold at night. Very little precipitation on a year-long basis, although there may be desert storms.") ;;; #$DeskWorker (#$isa #$DeskWorker #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$DeskWorker #$Professional) (#$comment #$DeskWorker "A collection of persons; a subset of #$Professional. This is a general category of workers that generally sit at desks, as opposed to those who do factory work or outside work, etc. Subsets include #$Administrator, #$ComputerOperator, and #$Secretary.") ;;; #$DestructionEvent (#$isa #$DestructionEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$DestructionEvent #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$DestructionEvent #$CreationOrDestructionEvent) (#$comment #$DestructionEvent "A collection of events. In each element of #$DestructionEvent, at least one instance of #$Entity (the #$inputsDestroyed) ceases to exist.") ;;; #$Device-SingleUser (#$isa #$Device-SingleUser #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Device-SingleUser #$PartiallyTangible) (#$genls #$Device-SingleUser #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$Device-SingleUser "A collection of devices. One can classify devices according to how many simultaneous users they typically have. An instance of #$Device-SingleUser is any device that typically has/requires exactly one (i.e., one and only one) user. A screwdriver (an instance of #$Screwdriver) is a #$Device-SingleUser, but a grand piano (an instance of #$GrandPiano) is not. A borderline non-example is a car --- although only one person operates it, several can `use' it at once, i.e. derive the value of its primary function which is transportation. So a car is not a #$Device-SingleUser. A borderline example is a telephone -- although it requires two or more users (each on telephones) for meaningful use, each phone generally has just one user at a time. So a telephone is a #$Device-SingleUser but a telephone-circuit is not.") ;;; #$Device-UserPowered (#$isa #$Device-UserPowered #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Device-UserPowered #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$Device-UserPowered #$MusclePoweredDevice) ;;; #$DeviceRunning (#$isa #$DeviceRunning #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$DeviceRunning #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$DeviceRunning #$PhysicalEvent) (#$comment #$DeviceRunning "A collection of events. An instance of #$DeviceRunning is an event in which some device is running. This collection includes events which are complete cycles of a device's normal function (see #$SingleCompleteRunOfADevice) as well as random time slices (#$timeSlices) of them running. Examples include instances of the collections #$AirplaneTakeOff, #$SkateBoarding, #$RidingAMotorcycle, etc. Some stranger examples --- which are not instances of #$SingleCompleteRunOfADevice --- include: all the the ignition phases of the firing of my Honda's engine during November of 1996; my TV when it was on and showing a commercial this year; my TV when it was on and I was watching it this week.") ;;; #$DeviceState (#$isa #$DeviceState #$UnorderedAttributeType) (#$genls #$DeviceState #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$DeviceState "A collection of states that devices can be in, including: #$DeviceOn, #$DeviceOff, #$RecordingStates, #$CockedState, #$Folded, #$OffHook, #$Unlocked, and many others.") ;;; #$Dexterity (#$isa #$Dexterity #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType) (#$genls #$Dexterity #$ScriptPerformanceAttribute) (#$comment #$Dexterity "#$Dexterity is the #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType for describing actions in which the performer's hands move accurately, quickly, and with economy of motion.") ;;; #$DiagnosingAndRepairingSomething (#$isa #$DiagnosingAndRepairingSomething #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$DiagnosingAndRepairingSomething #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$DiagnosingAndRepairingSomething #$ActionOnObject) (#$genls #$DiagnosingAndRepairingSomething #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$DiagnosingAndRepairingSomething #$HumanActivity) (#$comment #$DiagnosingAndRepairingSomething "The collection of all actions of diagnosing and repairing something, in a very broad sense. Such events can range from fixing a #$PhysicalDevice (e.g., the last time you took your car in to be fixed), to killing pests that infest a place. All such actions involve an intrinsic change in the thing which undergoes repairs. Notice that a diagnosis action alone, or a repair action alone, would not be elements of this collection; they could be #$subEvents of an element of this collection.") ;;; #$DietaryDeficiencyCondition (#$isa #$DietaryDeficiencyCondition #$PhysiologicalConditionType) (#$genls #$DietaryDeficiencyCondition #$Malnutrition) (#$comment #$DietaryDeficiencyCondition "The collection of physiological conditions brought on by consuming less of a nutrient than the body requires.") ;;; #$DifferenceFn (#$isa #$DifferenceFn #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities) (#$isa #$DifferenceFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$isa #$DifferenceFn #$EvaluatableFunction) (#$resultIsa #$DifferenceFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$DifferenceFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$arg2Isa #$DifferenceFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$DifferenceFn "#$DifferenceFn is Cyc's subtraction operator; it is a binary mathematical function. (#$DifferenceFn MINUEND SUBTRAHEND) yields a new quantity that is the result of subtracting SUBTRAHEND from MINUEND. Both arguments to #$DifferenceFn must be elements of #$ScalarInterval, as is its result. Examples: (#$DifferenceFn 88 11) returns 77; (#$DifferenceFn (#$Kilogram 4.2) (#$Kilogram 3)) returns (#$Kilogram 1.2).") ;;; #$DigestionEvent (#$isa #$DigestionEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$DigestionEvent #$SingleDoerAction) (#$genls #$DigestionEvent #$BiologicalDecompositionEvent) (#$genls #$DigestionEvent #$BodyMovementEvent) (#$comment #$DigestionEvent "A collection of events. For most animals, a #$DigestionEvent starts at the mouth and, for most vertebrates, end at the anus. This concept should not be confused with #$DigestingInStomach, whose instances occur only in an organism's #$Stomach. A #$DigestionEvent spans the whole #$DigestiveSystem, from start to finish.") ;;; #$DigestiveSystem (#$isa #$DigestiveSystem #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$DigestiveSystem #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$genls #$DigestiveSystem #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$DigestiveSystem "The collection of all animals' digestive systems. A #$DigestiveSystem is a system of organs and other body parts (typically of #$Vertebrates) which work together to accomplish the digestion function.") ;;; #$DimensionlessUnitOfMeasure (#$isa #$DimensionlessUnitOfMeasure #$InterconvertibleUnitType) (#$genls #$DimensionlessUnitOfMeasure #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$DimensionlessUnitOfMeasure "A subset of #$UnitOfMeasure. #$DimensionlessUnitOfMeasure is the collection of measurement functions whose results are elements of #$ScalarInterval which have no dimension; i.e., they are simply numbers, instances of #$IntervalOnNumberLine. Examples include #$Percent, #$Unity, #$Thousandths. (#$Percent 50) returns the point-interval, one-half (0.5). (#$Unity 3 4) returns the interval that is the range of numbers between 3 and 4, inclusive.") ;;; #$DirectedTranslation (#$isa #$DirectedTranslation #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$DirectedTranslation #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$DirectedTranslation #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$DirectedTranslation #$Movement-TranslationEvent) (#$comment #$DirectedTranslation "A collection of events; a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. Each instance of #$DirectedTranslation is a movement event that is #$performedBy an #$Agent --- that agent intends for the #$objectMoving to reach a particular #$target. Examples: William Tell shooting the arrow off his son's head, John Wilkes Booth shooting Abraham Lincoln, the last time you tossed a frisbee to someone, a pilot landing an airplane, and a skiier skiing one run of the downhill course.") ;;; #$DirectionExpression (#$isa #$DirectionExpression #$Collection) (#$genls #$DirectionExpression #$UnitVectorInterval) (#$comment #$DirectionExpression "A collection of vectors; a subset of #$UnitVectorInterval. Each element of #$DirectionExpression is a vector representing a direction. Typically these expressions are used to indicate direction between two objects or locations. An important subset of this collection is #$GeographicalDirection; e.g., #$South-Directly, #$NorthWest-Directly.") ;;; #$Dirtiness (#$isa #$Dirtiness #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$Dirtiness #$AttributeValue) (#$genls #$Dirtiness #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$Dirtiness "A collection of attributes. Dirtiness is a measurable attribute that many tangible objects have. Each element of the collection #$Dirtiness represents a specific level of dirtiness (or cleanliness!); e.g., #$Dirty, #$ReallyDirty, #$ALittleDirty, #$Clean, #$Sterile. Indicate a particular object's #$Dirtiness with the predicate #$dirtinessOfObject.") ;;; #$Disappointment (#$isa #$Disappointment #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Disappointment #$Dissatisfaction) (#$genls #$Disappointment #$Surprise) (#$genls #$Disappointment #$Sadness) (#$comment #$Disappointment "The emotion or state of feeling defeated in expectation or hope. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness.") ;;; #$Disapproval (#$isa #$Disapproval #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Disapproval #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Disapproval "The emotion or state of disapproving of something; a negative attitude towards some situation, proposal, person, or thing, implying a judgment based on explicit or implicit standards (rational, moral, pragmatic, or etc.). This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. More specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Disapproval are #$Contempt, #$Hate, #$Abhorrence, etc. More subtly, it is often true that feelings of #$Jealousy or #$Envy manifest in superficial shows of #$Disapproval. #$Disapproval is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness.") ;;; #$DisasterEvent (#$isa #$DisasterEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$DisasterEvent #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$DisasterEvent #$DestructionEvent) (#$comment #$DisasterEvent "A collection of events. In each #$DisasterEvent, a large group of people (or, in decreasing order of likelihood of usage of this concept, a large group of animals, plants, corporations, etc.) are at very high risk of injury or property damage, or in which a lot of injury and property damage occurs even though the risk was low.") ;;; #$Disgust (#$isa #$Disgust #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Disgust #$Dislike) (#$comment #$Disgust "A feeling of repulsion or aversion towards something considered distasteful or repugnant. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Disgust include feelings of #$Abhorrence.") ;;; #$DisjointSetOrCollection (#$isa #$DisjointSetOrCollection #$Collection) (#$genls #$DisjointSetOrCollection #$SetOrCollection) (#$comment #$DisjointSetOrCollection "A collection of mathematical sets and collections the members of which are themselves mathematical sets or collections. A set or collection, SETORCOL, of sets or collections is an instance of #$DisjointSetOrCollection just in case the elements of SETORCOL are mutually disjoint -- that is, no two elements of SETORCOL have any elements in common.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$DisjointSetOrCollection #$SENSUS-Information1997 "DISJUNCTIVE-SET") ;;; #$Dislike (#$isa #$Dislike #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Dislike #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Dislike "A feeling of disaffection or disaffinity for a person or thing. This is a #$Collection --- for an explanation of that, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Dislike are #$Disgust, #$Contempt, #$Hate, #$Resentment, etc.") ;;; #$DisputeEvent (#$isa #$DisputeEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$DisputeEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$DisputeEvent #$HostileSocialAction) (#$comment #$DisputeEvent "A collection of events with multiple participants. In each #$DisputeEvent, some participants seek to achieve states of affairs that other participants seek to prevent. Disputes may or may not get settled. Settlement of a dispute may be by fighting, by competition, by using a mediator or court, by chance, by mutual reasoning, etc.") ;;; #$Dissatisfaction (#$isa #$Dissatisfaction #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Dissatisfaction #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Dissatisfaction "Feeling of discontent, due to a lack of fulfillment of an agent's desires, needs, or requirements. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Dissatisfaction are #$Disappointment, #$Frustration, #$Impatience, #$Anger, etc. ") ;;; #$Dissolving (#$isa #$Dissolving #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Dissolving #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Dissolving #$DestructionEvent) (#$comment #$Dissolving "A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, a solvent and a solute mix to form a solution.") ;;; #$Distance (#$isa #$Distance #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType) (#$genls #$Distance #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$Distance #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$Distance "A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$Distance is the length of a path in space extending from one point to another. Elements of #$Distance may be either a fixed interval, such as the height of the #$WashingtonMonumentInWashingtonDC, or a range, such as #$WithinAudibleDistance (see #$ScalarInterval for more explanation). Also, see #$UnitOfDistance for the units used by Cyc to measure distances.") ;;; #$DistributingMetaKnowledgePredicate (#$isa #$DistributingMetaKnowledgePredicate #$Collection) (#$genls #$DistributingMetaKnowledgePredicate #$Predicate) (#$comment #$DistributingMetaKnowledgePredicate "instances are predicates which are permitted to distribute over multiple assertions resulting from canonicalizing one (or more) of the formula args") ;;; #$DistributionEvent (#$isa #$DistributionEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$DistributionEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$DistributionEvent #$TransferOut) (#$comment #$DistributionEvent "A collection of events. Each element of #$DistributionEvent is an event in which tangible or intangible objects are distributed from a source to various destinations via some distribution network.") ;;; #$Dock (#$isa #$Dock #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Dock #$OutdoorLocation) (#$genls #$Dock #$FixedStructure) (#$comment #$Dock "The collection of long flat walkways that jut out over water from shorelines. A Dock's main function is to provide a place to secure boats and to provide a place where passengers and cargo can be loaded and unloaded.") ;;; #$Doctor-Medical (#$isa #$Doctor-Medical #$MedicalSpecialtyType) (#$genls #$Doctor-Medical #$Prescriber) (#$genls #$Doctor-Medical #$MedicalCareProfessional) (#$genls #$Doctor-Medical #$Scientist) (#$comment #$Doctor-Medical "The collection of all medical doctors - MDs and Osteopaths.") ;;; #$Dog (#$isa #$Dog #$BiologicalSpecies) (#$genls #$Dog #$Carnivore) (#$genls #$Dog #$Mammal) (#$genls #$Dog #$DomesticPet) (#$comment #$Dog "The collection of all dogs of all breeds. Elements of #$Dog may be members of #$DomesticPet or of #$WildAnimal; e.g., #$Dog includes the dingo dogs of #$Australia. However, #$Dog excludes the members of #$Wolf, #$Fox, and the other non-dog subsets of #$CanineAnimal. #$Dog is an instance of #$BiologicalSpecies, Canis familiaris.") ;;; #$Dollar-UnitedStates (#$isa #$Dollar-UnitedStates #$UnitOfMoney) (#$isa #$Dollar-UnitedStates #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$Dollar-UnitedStates #$StandardUnitOfMeasure) (#$resultIsa #$Dollar-UnitedStates #$Money) (#$resultIsa #$Dollar-UnitedStates #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$Dollar-UnitedStates #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$Dollar-UnitedStates "An element of #$UnitOfMoney. #$Dollar-UnitedStates represents the main standard monetary unit of the United States of America. One #$Dollar-UnitedStates is equivalent to 100 #$Cent-UnitedStates. See #$UnitOfMeasure for further explanation.") ;;; #$DollarsPerHour (#$isa #$DollarsPerHour #$UnitOfMonetaryFlowRate) (#$isa #$DollarsPerHour #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$DollarsPerHour #$MonetaryFlowRate) (#$resultIsa #$DollarsPerHour #$ScalarInterval) (#$resultIsa #$DollarsPerHour #$Rate) (#$argsIsa #$DollarsPerHour #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$DollarsPerHour "An element of #$UnitOfMonetaryFlowRate; the amount of #$Money in dollars earned, spent, or transferred in an hour.") ;;; #$DollarsPerYear (#$isa #$DollarsPerYear #$UnitOfMonetaryFlowRate) (#$isa #$DollarsPerYear #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$DollarsPerYear #$MonetaryFlowRate) (#$resultIsa #$DollarsPerYear #$ScalarInterval) (#$resultIsa #$DollarsPerYear #$Rate) (#$argsIsa #$DollarsPerYear #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$DollarsPerYear "An element of #$UnitOfMonetaryFlowRate; the amount of #$Money in dollars earned, spent, or transferred in a year.") ;;; #$DomesticPet (#$isa #$DomesticPet #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$DomesticPet #$PortableObject) (#$genls #$DomesticPet #$DomesticatedAnimal) (#$genls #$DomesticPet #$HumanOccupationConstructResident) (#$comment #$DomesticPet "The subset of #$DomesticatedAnimal whose elements are animals kept by humans primarily for their companionship. (They may, however, do some chores such as catching mice.) Many members of #$DomesticPet live in the homes of their owners.") ;;; #$DomesticatedAnimal (#$isa #$DomesticatedAnimal #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$DomesticatedAnimal #$NonPersonAnimal) (#$comment #$DomesticatedAnimal "A subset of #$Animal; the collection of all animals which are kept by humans for labor, transportation, food, or as pets, and whose relations with humans are more or less cooperative. #$DomesticatedAnimal does NOT include instances of #$Tiger being kept in zoos, though it arguably includes Shamu or Flipper. Cf. #$WildAnimal, #$CaptiveAnimal.") ;;; #$DomesticatedAnimalFood (#$isa #$DomesticatedAnimalFood #$ProductType) (#$isa #$DomesticatedAnimalFood #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$DomesticatedAnimalFood #$TangibleProduct) (#$comment #$DomesticatedAnimalFood "A collection of tangible stuff; a subset of #$TangibleProduct. Each element of #$DomesticatedAnimalFood is a foodstuff produced by human beings and intended for consumption by domesticated animals. This collection includes feed manufactured for horses, cattle, chickens, and other farm animals, as well as `pet foods'.") ;;; #$Doorway (#$isa #$Doorway #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Doorway #$InanimateThing) (#$genls #$Doorway #$Portal) (#$comment #$Doorway "A collection of portals. Each element of #$Doorway is a portal in some instance of #$ShelterConstruction, suitable for people (and perhaps vehicles) to enter and exit. For example, doorways to houses, office buildings, elevators, automobiles, airplanes, garages, etc.") ;;; #$DoorwayCovering (#$isa #$DoorwayCovering #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$DoorwayCovering #$ProductType) (#$genls #$DoorwayCovering #$PortalCovering) (#$comment #$DoorwayCovering "A collection of tangible objects. Each element of #$DoorwayCovering is a physical object used to cover some kind of portal, including but not limited to doorways in buildings. This collection also includes doors of cars, buses, subways, elevators, garages, airplane hangars--coverings over any doors that people (and perhaps vehicles) pass through.") ;;; #$Down-Directly (#$isa #$Down-Directly #$TerrestrialDirection) (#$isa #$Down-Directly #$UnitVector-Precise) (#$genlAttributes #$Down-Directly #$Down-Generally) (#$comment #$Down-Directly "The direction straight down. In the terrestrial context, #$Down-Directly points in the same direction as Earth's gravitational force vector.") ;;; #$Down-Generally (#$isa #$Down-Generally #$TerrestrialDirection) (#$comment #$Down-Generally "The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of #$Down-Directly.") ;;; #$Dress (#$isa #$Dress #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Dress #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Dress #$ClothingItem) (#$genls #$Dress #$WomensClothing) (#$comment #$Dress "The collection of all dresses, a kind of women's clothing") ;;; #$Drink (#$isa #$Drink #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Drink #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$Drink #$FoodAndDrink) (#$comment #$Drink "The collection of drinkable substances; a collection of edible stuff and a subset of #$FoodAndDrink. Each element of the collection #$Drink is a liquid of a type that is ingestible and commonly consumed by humans or animals. Drinks are ingested without chewing. Examples of #$Drink include all elements of the collections #$Water-Ingestible, #$Tea-Hot, #$HotChocolate, #$Lemonade, #$Beer. . By default they are liquids. Borderline examples include a thick milkshake or soup, even if there are solid objects suspended in it. Thus #$LiquidTangibleThing is not necessarily (monotonically) a #$genls of #$Drink, though it is true by default that a #$Drink be an instance of #$LiquidTangibleThing. I.e., by default, elements of #$Drink are in a #$LiquidStateOfMatter. Another borderline example of a #$Drink is a glassful of poison or urine; it may be unpalatable or unsafe to drink a #$Drink. Note that the #$Drink includes the portion of liquid, but not the container such as the glass or coffee cup or bowl. So one borderline non-example is a glass of water -- as opposed to a glassful of water; the former includes the glass, the latter doesn't. Other borderline non-examples include: an ice cube, a grape sno-cone, a scoop of ice cream with hot fudge sauce on it, and a tiny bit of liquid such as a single raindrop even if it enters one's mouth.") ;;; #$DrinkingEvent (#$isa #$DrinkingEvent #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$DrinkingEvent #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$DrinkingEvent #$Translation-Complete) (#$genls #$DrinkingEvent #$ConsumingFoodOrDrink) (#$comment #$DrinkingEvent "A collection of events. In each instance of this collection, a single individual consumes a portion of some drink. A #$DrinkingEvent typically consists of several instances of #$DrinkingASip. See #$EatingEvent.") ;;; #$DrugPrescription (#$isa #$DrugPrescription #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$DrugPrescription #$TextualMaterial) (#$comment #$DrugPrescription "The legal document in which a doctor authorizes a patient to purchase a certain amount of a drug and take it according to some specified schedule.") ;;; #$DrugProduct (#$isa #$DrugProduct #$ExistingStuffType) (#$isa #$DrugProduct #$PharmacyProductType) (#$genls #$DrugProduct #$Artifact) (#$genls #$DrugProduct #$DrugSubstance) (#$genls #$DrugProduct #$ConsumableProduct) (#$comment #$DrugProduct "Any kind of drug, including the stuff you take when you are sick. Note, however, that this is a product (intentionally created or used) not merely the chemical description. This means that salt-water would not be an element of #$DrugProduct, even though saline solution would be.") ;;; #$DrugSubstance (#$isa #$DrugSubstance #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$DrugSubstance #$TangibleThing) (#$comment #$DrugSubstance "The class of substances that can be introduced into organism's bodies to produce certain physiological effects. Includes both stuffs and objects made and/or marketed as #$DrugProducts, as well as naturally-occurring stuffs and objects that have physiological effects.") ;;; #$DrugTherapy (#$isa #$DrugTherapy #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$DrugTherapy #$MedicalTreatmentEvent) (#$comment #$DrugTherapy "A collection of medical care events in which drugs accomplish a medical purpose. An instance of #$DrugTherapy is the result of an instance of #$AdministeringADrug (q.v.). An instance of #$DrugTherapy is the event of the patient's body undergoing the physiological effects of the drug it was given. Note: #$DrugTherapy events do not include the administration of the drug; rather, they are the results of such administrations. Cf. #$AdministeringADrug.") ;;; #$DrugTherapyUseFn (#$isa #$DrugTherapyUseFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$DrugTherapyUseFn #$TemporalStuffType) (#$resultIsa #$DrugTherapyUseFn #$ScriptType) (#$resultGenl #$DrugTherapyUseFn #$DrugTherapy) (#$arg1Isa #$DrugTherapyUseFn #$ExistingStuffType) (#$arg1Genl #$DrugTherapyUseFn #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$DrugTherapyUseFn "The collection of events in which instances of ARG1 are used to achieve a medical purpose. These events do not include the administration of the drug - they are the scripts which result from that administration.") ;;; #$DryingSomething (#$isa #$DryingSomething #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$DryingSomething #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$DryingSomething #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$DryingSomething #$PhysicalEvent) (#$comment #$DryingSomething "A collection of events. Each #$DryingSomething event involves reducing the moistness of something -- either its water content or its surface wetness -- by evaporation or by absorbing the moisture (e.g., with towels) or by some other process. Typical objects of a #$DryingSomething event include instances of: paint, food, dishes, clothes, humans. When you run your clothes dryer at home, that event is an element of this collection.") ;;; #$Ductility (#$isa #$Ductility #$MaterialStrengthType) (#$genls #$Ductility #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Ductility #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$Ductility "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$Ductility describes a specific capacity of a physical material to be stretched, drawn, or hammered thin without breaking. Different degrees of ductility may be represented using a #$GenericValueFunction. Ductilities of objects are indicated with the predicate #$ductilityOfObject.") ;;; #$Dusk (#$isa #$Dusk #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Dusk #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$Dusk #$QualitativeTimeOfDay) (#$genls #$Dusk #$Twilight) (#$comment #$Dusk "Each #$Dusk is a dimly-lit period of time which is #$contiguousAfter a #$Sunset, and is the #$Event which starts a #$Night.") ;;; #$Dying (#$isa #$Dying #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Dying #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Dying #$DestructionEvent) (#$genls #$Dying #$BiologicalEvent) (#$genls #$Dying #$SingleDoerAction) (#$comment #$Dying "A collection of events. Each element of #$Dying is an event in which a living organism (i.e., an instance of #$Organism-Whole) ceases to live and thus ceases to exist. The physical portion of the organism may remain, but that is not considered an instance of #$Organism-Whole (cf. #$DeadAnimal). Note that the expiring animal is related to its dying event by #$bodilyDoer (q.v.)--in contrast to the role an organism plays when it is the #$objectActedOn in a #$Killing-Biological event (which will have some #$Dying event among its #$subEvents), and cf. #$bodilyActedOn.") ;;; #$ELRelation (#$isa #$ELRelation #$Collection) (#$comment #$ELRelation "A subset of #$Relationship such that instances are only permitted at the EL; that is, the canonicalizer will transform expressions that reference instances of #$ELRelation into equivalent expressions that do not reference instances of #$ELRelation; this transformation is guided by the value (arg2) of #$expansion for each #$ELRelation") ;;; #$Ear (#$isa #$Ear #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType) (#$genls #$Ear #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$genls #$Ear #$VibrationThroughAMediumSensor) (#$comment #$Ear "The organ of hearing, which occur in pairs on most animals") ;;; #$EarthStuff (#$isa #$EarthStuff #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$genls #$EarthStuff #$NaturalTangibleStuff) (#$comment #$EarthStuff "A collection of tangible things. Each element in #$EarthStuff is a portion of the stuff that the ground of Earth (at or near its land surface) is made of, including rocks, boulders, sand grains, soil, mud, etc., and mixtures of those things (such as islands or whole continents). Examples: #$Australia, #$CapeCod, #$ZionHill, #$GreatSmokyMountains.") ;;; #$East-Directly (#$isa #$East-Directly #$UnitVector-Precise) (#$isa #$East-Directly #$GeographicalDirection) (#$genlAttributes #$East-Directly #$East-Generally) (#$comment #$East-Directly "Due East, an element of #$TerrestrialDirection.") ;;; #$East-Generally (#$isa #$East-Generally #$GeographicalDirection) (#$comment #$East-Generally "The general direction of East. The element of #$VectorInterval that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of #$East-Directly.")